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terms

main terms

Our vocabulary consists of notions mostly often used in modern graphic arts.
Analogous coloring test
Coloring test produced from color separation lattice-work cross-lines film (as a rule for offset and letterpress printing) assigned for printing.
Creasing
Preliminary application of lines of folds on the materials by means of blunt disk knives, which press in and compact the material with partial destruction of bonding in fibrous materials. It differs from folding by a more expressly pronounced line of fold, and also by a possibility to carry out this process on the more dense materials.
Finishing processes
Finishing processes mean technological processes connected with each other and leading to producing notebooks, brochures and magazines or bound books from the printed.
Booklet
An edition printed on one sheet folded by means of any of methods in two folds and more folds (bellows like, delta-like, with a cross fold, etc.)
Make-up
1) The process of forming and mounting of edition sheet;
2) Sheet to be sent for page-proof.
Aqueous lacquer
Aqueous solution of tar applied to the print sheet directly in printing press when printing. With this purpose they use the last printing section of the sheet offset machine or special section for lacquering with additional drying apparatus.
Absorbing property of paper
The property of paper to absorb printing ink depends on the quantity and size of pores on its surface. Absorbing property in many respects defines selection of printing inks, speed and strength of their fixing on the sheet.
Slides
Positive black and white or color image created on the transparent support. For example, in graphic arts – a set of color-separation raster slides is used as a master (slide).
Prepress processes
It means all stages of graphic arts’ technology, from prepress (composition, color separation, text and image processing, make up of printed sheet, mounting and lay of sheets on the printing page) to making printing form inclusively.
European scale for printing inks
European scale for printing inks means International standard for triads of printing inks for four-color print. Inks included in these triads (yellow, purple and blue) have standard spectral characteristics for assigned by thickness printing ink layers, at which compliance with colorimetric indices is achieved.
Publishing
A complex comprising personal computers, scanning, display and photographic readout devices, software and networking equipment used for typesetting and text editing, creation and processing of Images, make up and producing mechanicals, finals, coloring test, i.e. for preparation of edition to print on the level of prepress processes.
Final manuscript
Material delivered to production after editorial preparation and subject to reproduction by means of graphic arts equipment.
Cut
Illustrated printing form of letterpress printing or its part made of metal or plastic and manufactured by means of photomechanical process or etching. Depending on the image being reproduced there are line cuts and half-tone cut. After emulsion etching has been invented, it became possible to make compound cut containing text, line and half-tone images.
Typing
Typing and processing of edition text using computers in publishing. At this line justification, technical editing and proof-reading and make up and other is ensured.
Lacquering
Manufacture of specialty paper or surface of sheet by applying a layer of lacquer on the entire surface (full covering) or separate parts или (selective lacquering).
Lamination
Manufacture of specialty printing sheet edition by applying to its surface hot adhesive by polymer melting.
Layout sheet
Model for make up of printed sheet and mounting with lay of sheets on the printer’s sheet approved by the publishers. There are layout sheets of decorative appearance of edition, nesting and edition as a whole.
Paper weight
Weight of paper area unit calculated according to a standard method and expressed in grams per 1 m 2.
Coated paper
Coated paper means application of coating to paper. The coating mainly consists of pigment and bonding agent, for manufacture of specialty sheet surface or in order to give special properties to the sheet surface.
Mounting of finals (film assembly)
Layout of text and illustrated slides or negatives on a transparent on mounting support in accordance with the edition layout sheet, scheme, original, standard and etc. Mounting of finals is usually carried out on the layout table, as a rule, using grating and ruler with fonts for punch register system.
Ink misregistration
Ink misregistration or mismatch of inks is a defect of color printing arising as a result of violation of color-to-color registration, fitting of printing forms and manufacturing of color separated finals. Image motion causes shift of ink print and color reproduction is broken and image becomes muddy.
Folding
It means folding of sheet (or paper sheet) in the form of a notebook.
Edition format
Edition format means the size of finished printed matter. It is indicated by a format of printing paper and a portion of the sheet, for example, 60х90/16
Sheet format
Sheet format means the size of the sheet expressed in centimeters or millimeters.
Color correction
Color correction means change of color characteristics of the image being reproduced in the process of prepress and when printing.
Color separation
Color separation means separation of colored image by means of color filter by separate monochromatic equal-scaled images.
Coloring test
Coloring test means obtaining of colored image on the material carrier or on color screen of video terminal display. There are analogous (raster), half-tone (digital) and screen coloring test.
Screen coloring test
It means obtaining of a proof on the monitor display for visual evaluation of color characteristics of colored image after its input or color correction
Color brightness
Color brightness means a value characterizing the density of light [luminous] flux reflected by a colored object in the direction of an observer.
Raster unit
It means a minimum element of the structure of raster image or structure of the raster itself; the area of raster unit depends on the line per inch and graded level of image.
Preprint
First sample copies sent to the customer as a circulation sample for approval.
Imposition
It means the process of layout of printed sheets on mounting and printing form ensuring required interchange of pages in notebooks.
Hot adhesive
Adhesive composition applied to the material in melted state at a temperature exceeding 100 0С and hardening within 1-2 seconds as-cooled.
Circulation
Circulation means a general number of edition copies of the same name.
Embossing of paper
It means the change of the paper surface finish and obtaining of embossed paper by creation of raised or transparent pattern (imitating water mark) by means of embossing calendar.
Foil embossing
It means embossing by application of a special foil and stamp.
Triad of printing inks
A set of printing inks (purple, yellow, blue) designed for triadic printing of colored images.
Pixel
The least element of visualization surface, monitor display which can be independently assigned the color, intensity and other settings of image.
Gilding press
It is a machine for image embossing under pressure at heating of a stamp. It is used for blind embossing, relief stamping and also foil embossing on the bindings.
Printing process
Regulated consequence of process operations carried out with the use of technical means of producing printed matters and aimed at production of graphic arts editions.
Graphic arts
It is a branch of technique, combination of technique and processes used for obtaining a great number of similar copies (reproduction) of original which passed editorial preparation and prepress.
Fitting of printing forms
Preparatory process before printing in offset printing which includes preparation of printing forms and assembly units of the press and also installation of forms in printing press; it ensures color registration in multicolor printing and precision of folding.
Cutting of the cardboard
It means cutting of sheets of binder board for half-finished material of required size for binding structure.
Mechanical
It means original, each page of which fully coincides with a corresponding page of future edition.
Sheet
It means image on printed material obtained by printing process.
Bookbinding
Processes connected with each other used for manufacturing of edition in hard cover (in binding).
Printer’s sheet
It means a unit of natural volume of printed edition equal to the area of one side of paper sheet of any standard format. They are converted to conventional sheets with a format of 60х90 cm.
Sheet printing
It means the process of obtaining sheets, at which printed material is delivered to the printing apparatus sheet by sheet.
Four color process
It means printing with 4 colors as a minimum (blue, yellow, black and purple - CMYK or other systems). It allows reproducing colored originals (for example photos).
Web-fed printing press
It means the process of obtaining sheets, at which printed material is delivered to the printing apparatus as a continuous web (tape) from the roll. After printing the material (for example huckaback) most often is cut into separate sheets and folded. It applies when manufacturing the book and magazine products, brochures and notebooks.